پژوهشنامه مدیریت اجرایی
سال پانزدهم شماره 30 (پاییز و زمستان 1402)

Today, the development of countries is based on creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship. Considering the need of organizations for the existence of entrepreneurial and innovative leaders in the conditions of complex, dynamic and absolute environment and according to the characteristic of inhibiting creativity and innovation of poisonous leadership in the work environment, the predisposing factors of the emergence of this type of leadership using the metacombination technique, as a system review It was checked in seven steps.In order to evaluate and select the investigated studies more accurately, among 480 articles, 33 articles were selected as the basis of the study. Based on the analysis done, with a systematic review and content analysis of the texts of 33 selected articles, 167 antecedents of toxic leadership in organizations were identified in four main variables and fourteen sub-variables. The main variables included: the individual characteristics of the leader (with seven variables), the characteristics of the followers (with four variables), the characteristics of the organization (with two variables) and the characteristics of the extra-organizational environment (with one variable). According to the findings of the present research, in order to move organizational leadership towards entrepreneurial and innovative leadership in tourism organizations, it is worthy and necessary to pay attention to the identified antecedent factors of toxic leadership as obstacles to the emergence of entrepreneurial and innovative leadership in this research. It must be done.

Today, production, especially in the clothing industry, is undergoing rapid and continuous changes in customer needs. With the increasing customization of products, the production paradigm has shifted to increasing decentralization and socialization. Social manufacturing is a new paradigm in production systems that is decentralized, participatory, service-oriented, collectively-based, intelligent, and customized. In social production, the active customer is identified as a person who is both producer and consumer, and can contribute to the entire life cycle of a personalized product. This study seeks to explain the factors affecting the establishment of a social manufacturing system in the Iranian clothing industry. The purpose of this study is practical and the effective factors on the establishment and implementation of social manufacturingn system were identified by studying the literature and opinions of experts. 21 factors influencing the establishment of this system in the Iranian clothing industry were confirmed. In this paper, a fuzzy Dematel-ISM method is used to identify and investigate the interrelationship between criteria and to classify them. As a result, "shared production business model design" and "production credibility assurance" as well as the "macro clothing industry plan" have the most interaction with other factors such as "training", "cloud manufacturing platform", "configuration and organization platform" and "managing information system and shared data" will have the most impact on the system. On the other hand, factors such as "collaborative production management", "social networks", and "customer social relationship management" are the most influenced by the social production system.

In today's world, technological intelligence is one of the undeniable requirements for technological businesses. This research was carried out with the aim of designing and validating a technology intelligence measurement tool in technological businesses with a practical purpose and a mixed method with an exploratory approach. In the qualitative section, the statistical population includes 14 high-level managers of technological businesses in the Fawa area using a targeted snowball sampling method, and in the quantitative section, 385 managers in the technological business areas of the Fawa area in Tehran were selected using a simple random sampling method. The tool of the qualitative phase is a semi-structured interview that was conducted using the grounded theory method with a systematic approach and coding method by MaxQDA2020 software. A paradigm model with 17 dimensions and 55 components was presented and questions based on it were designed. Form, content and construct validity were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method and composite reliability. SPSS21 and Samartpls3 software were used for statistical analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. After validity and reliability, a questionnaire with 17 dimensions and 41 items was designed. The results show that the designed tool has good validity and reliability and can be used as a suitable tool for establishing and evaluating technology intelligence in technological businesses.

The aim of this study was to design a model for empowering hospital managers with a productivity approach. The statistical population of the study includes experts (with at least 10 years of management experience in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and affiliated hospitals) and university professors. The statistical sample was selected by a purposeful judgment method of 14 people. Data collection tools included library studies and semi-structured interviews with experts. The validity of the interview questions was confirmed by the content method and its reliability was confirmed by the retest method (0.87). The empowerment model of hospital managers was drawn with a productivity approach, and at the end, a theory based on 18 theorems was created. Based on the calculated model, causal conditions (including "organizational foresight", "agile organizational structure", "transformational leadership", and "organizational opportunity for empowerment"), central category (empowerment of hospital managers), contexts (including "access to resources") "Empowerment", "Establishing an active motivational system", "Justice-oriented in the organization", and "Modeling the role for managers"), contextual factors (including "internal factor of empowering managers" and "external factor of empowering managers"), strategies (including "holding courses "Empowering managers", "Establishing a succession system", "Delegating and delegating responsibilities", and "Job value creation for managers"), and the consequences (including "individual productivity of managers" and "organizational productivity of managers") are explained in a paradigm model. Finally, the relationships between them were drawn in the selected model. Finally, suggestions based on strategies for implementing the model of empowering managers with a productivity approach were presented.

Innovation is a key source of competitive advantage in social enterprises and their success depends on pursuing new innovations. Research in social business has accelerated in the past two decades but Previous research has focused more on how social businesses create and absorb value. Business model innovation has become one of the most important trends in business research but little research has been done on innovation in the social business model. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the drivers of business model innovation in social enterprises. The phenomenological qualitative research method was used as the research method and 12 social companies were selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Analysis of the collected data indicates that the drivers of business model innovation in social companies include two categories of factors. Environmental factors that including business environment, environmental dynamics, ICT development, target community, macro-environmental forces and key stakeholders. And internal factors that include business sustainability, corporate social responsibility, key resources, key activities, customer relations, and revenue. The findings of this study show that the drivers of innovation in the business model have different dimensions and applications which can be exploited from the perspective of researchers, policy makers as well as social companies.

Packaging and consumer reactions to it, is one of the most important issues for marketing researchers and practitioners. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the consumer reactions to different packaging elements. The present study is a mixed research with an experimental approach. In the quantitative method, experimental research and in the qualitative method, grounded theory is used and the research consists of two designs 2×2×2 and 2×2. The research data were collected from 240 and 120 university students in Tehran. In the qualitative method, a total of 210 codes and 194 coded segments were obtained. Findings indicate that each of the packaging elements examined, independently and interactively can create special reactions in consumers and affect purchase intention and willingness to pay. Moreover, the effects of each of these variables on purchase intention were greater than their effects on willingness to pay. Also the categories of aesthetic effects, psychological effects, claim believability and attention to consumer expectations are of the highest importance in packaging design. Finally, it was found that related picture; ornate typeface, high wavelength color (red color), strong product claim and large number of product image had a greater impact on purchase intention and willingness to pay and were preferable to other packages.

Organizational excellence and youthfulness guarantee the coherence and synergy of organizational systems. The main purpose of this study is to present a paradigm model of organizational excellence with a youthful approach in the disciplinary command of Mazandaran province in a qualitative paradigm. The research method is qualitative and of data foundation theory (grounded theory). The nature of the present study is exploratory and qualitative data has been used in it. The statistical population of the study is experts in organizational excellence issues active in the field of university and disciplinary command. In this regard, the researcher used the snowball method to achieve theoretical saturation, which was achieved after in-depth interviews with 10 elites and experts. The main findings of the study indicate that organizational excellence has four dimensions (organizational performance excellence, technological excellence, community excellence and NAJA staff excellence) and of seventeen components (command effectiveness, improving process standards, improving protection standards, reducing crime, increasing security, Increasing people's trust in NAJA, people's satisfaction, process intelligence, use of modern technology, strengthening information integration infrastructure, improving the capabilities of employees and managers, reducing domestic crime, promoting moral and cultural values, promoting professional and organizational values, promoting Religious and spiritual values and increase job satisfaction). Finally, it is suggested that the Disciplinary Command, in order to achieve higher performance, place more emphasis on the excellence of its staff through youthfulness in order to create greater capacity for excellence.

Developing a dynamic and step-by-step model to improve the readiness of organizations to implement strategic plans, is an important issue that has not been yet considered by researchers. The implementing of operational management methods in combination with maturity models based on the conceptual models of change readiness led to the development of a new model in this field. In this longitude survey study, by reviewing 14 maturity reference models, an evolutionary model was developed to evaluate and improve the readiness of strategic changes by covering their weaknesses and paying attention to the efficiency of the model in the context of Iranian public organizations. After reviewing the theoretical foundations, interviews with senior managers of the Ministry of Energy (ministers and deputy ministers and CEOs of current and former parent companies) as well as utilizing the elite capacity in universities and the presence of researchers in the executive team of the change program, the theoretical gap in existing models through developing of strategic change readiness model (ATRA) identified and solved. The process of developing the prescriptive model of strategic change readiness was described in six steps, Including: Explaining the levels of maturity model, identifying criteria, evolutionary processes, identifying gaps, explaining strategies and finally the step-by-step implementation model By using this model, change agents can prepare the conditions for implementing change in the organization by spending minimal resources in a short period of time and have an operational plan from start to finish.

The pervasiveness of the Internet in the new age and the increasing access of customers to electronic facilities in an interaction with companies acts like a double-edged sword. Service industries through this tool increase the quality, speed and diversity of their communication with customers, and customers also use this tool to meet the needs, interaction and sometimes taking revenge of companies. The aim of this study is to identify the antecedents and consequences of electronic revenge of customers in the hotel industry via grounded theory approach. This pragmatic research is a cross-sectional time horizon research and its statistical population is encompassing complaining customers of domestic hotels (using an interview approach and a questionnaire) and all domestic and international researches conducted on various aspects of customer retaliation in service industry and especially hotel industry. Findings of grounded theory approach, via open, Axial and selective coding approach, shows that there are 59 non-duplicate conceptual codes that are fallen into six categories including causal, contextual, intervening, Axial, action / reaction, and consequential categories.

Retailers need to identify the positive and negative price experiences of customers in retail stores with multiple channels and more importantly, they need to manage these positive and negative price experiences. So, in this research, the Customer Price Experience management in multiple channels is discussed. This research was conducted with a single qualitative approach, interpretive philosophy and theme analysis. The statistical population of the research includes clients of managers and professors of marketing and pricing of retailers. The sampling method is targeted and selective sampling method with maximum diversity. MAXQDA 2020 software has been used to extract 11 and 15 main themes in offline and online shopping, respectively. According to the findings, the codes of freedom of action (main theme: improving seller bias) (5 referrals) and real discount (main theme: enhancing loyalty/pleasure/saving) (4 referrals), in the offline channel, and images codes with quality/genuine (main theme: improving risk) (6 referrals), comparing similar goods (main theme: improving non-comparability) (6 referrals), in the online channel the most frequent in terms of the number of references, based on the way classification There have been works to improve negative price experiences and ways to enhance customers' positive price experiences in multiple channels. These codes are the result of the researcher's deep involvement with the research subject of the researcher's studies and notes (memos) in the research process.

 Present study seeks to investigate the components of retailing mix in chain stores in Iran. In this study, Qualitative research method thematic analysis approach was applied to explore the point of view of participants from chain stores, it has been selected because of its suitability for the purpose of research. On the whole, 25 the participants, who were specialists in the retailing industry and have five years of experience in this filed, were selected based on non-probability and Judgmental sampling method for further deep interview. It should be noted, data were analyzed by using coding in different steps. Out of a total of three hundred and thirty-four open codes, twenty categories and finally seven themes were extracted. The findings indicate that, the components of retailing mix in chain stores in Iran is made up of seven components including Store design, services, pricing, location, product management, communications and human resources. Eight categories also involve ordering time of product arrangement, need for personal respect, income of people living in each area, situational pricing, cultural restrictions on product delivery, display advertising, advertising on social networks, knowledge and satisfaction of sales staff for first time has been observed in this research.  

The supply chain of machine-made carpets has faced many fluctuations in recent years. One of the most important fluctuations is the ripple effect that has been observed in recent years. The ripple effect has had many negative consequences for the machine made carpet supply chain, so future research of possible scenarios in the future is highly necessary and is the main purpose of this study. This study was conducted in the machine-made carpet industry of Iran. The data were collected in 4 stages based on the opinion of experts. Micmac and ScenarioWizard software were used for future research. The results of the interview showed that there are 15 drivers for the ripple effect in the supply chain, of which 12 drivers were selected as important drivers based on the output of Micmac software. Four consistent scenarios for the future of the ripple effect were identified as one favorable scenario (robust supply chain), two unfavorable scenarios (unstable supply chain and shaky supply chain) and one mid-range scenario (astonished supply chain). In order to achieve the desired scenario and prevent unfavorable scenarios, flexibility must be built in the supply chain. This is possible through the use of up-to-date technology, collaboration, and backup facilities.Keywords: supply chain; machine made carpet; ripple effect; future study

Nurses, are at the forefront of providing services in hospitals. According to research, the alignment and suitability of the leadership style of managers with the requirements of people and the relevant work environment is of fundamental importance.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of security leadership on ethical behaviors of nurses with the role of nurses' resilience intermediate.In terms of purpose, this study was applied and descriptive in terms of data collection method and correlation and data collection tool was also a questionnaire.The statistical population of the research was the nurses of the public hospitals of Mazandaran province, from which a sample containing 310 analyzable questionnaires was collected and analyzed using the Karjesi and Morgan table.Data were collected using three questionnaires: Gregory C. Petit's Ethical Behavior Questionnaire (1990), Connor and Davidson's Individual Resilience (2003) and Combe's Security Leadership (2010). SPSS22, PLS3 and Excel software have been used to analyze the data. Cronbach's alpha obtained from the questionnaire was 0.949. The results of this study, considering the significant Z coefficients and path coefficients, show that security-oriented leadership has a positive and significant effect on nurses' ethical behaviors with a significant coefficient of 6.252.Also, the moderating role of individual resilience variable in a relationship between the effect of security-oriented leadership on nurses' ethical behaviors with a significant coefficient of 8.078 was also confirmed. At the end of the research, suggestions have been presented for managers in relevant organizations as well as for future researchers.

Since automobile industry in the country is growing in terms of quality and quantity, it is involved with the complexity of services. In this research, we tried to examine the impact explanation of multi-dexterity maker of after-sales services, especially after - sales services on perceptions of quality and its effect of customer satisfaction, maintenance and loyalty. This study is an applied one from the perspective of purpose and is descriptive - survey in terms of data type and collection method. Statistical population of the study was customers of after sale authorized dealers. The sample size using Cochran formula was 372. Data analysis and hypothesis testing are done using SPSS and AMOS. According to data analysis and hypothesis testing, there is a positive and significant relationship between construction of research model on the basis of the performance of the research samples, as well as the satisfaction and retention of customers with perception of product quality according to customer expectations. Due to the position of the product in terms of different parameters, after sale services in term of loyalty of customers was not significant. Performance - importance approach in two fields of supply and spare parts and manager’s behavior, has high performance. careful inspection and appropriate technical assistance, telephone /online services, presence of higher level supports, supply of equipment and spare parts, and the quality of repairs are key factors in the power and influence of the company for after - sales services appear proportionate to employee behavior.